The Biggest Bubble of All Time
By L. Randall Wray
This post first appeared at "Great Leap Forward”, my EconoMonitor blog.
The Biggest Bubble of All Time: Commodities Market Speculation
Sorry, this is a day late (but hopefully not a dollar short).
Back in fall of 2008 I wrote a piece examining what was then the biggest bubble in human history (pdf):
Say what? You thought that was tulip bulb mania? Or, maybe the NASDAQ hi-tech hysteria?
No, folks, those were child’s play. From 2004 to 2008 we experienced the biggest commodities bubble the world had ever seen. If you looked to the top 25 traded commodities, you found prices had doubled over the period. For the top 8, the price inflation was much more spectacular. As I wrote:
“According to an analysis by market strategist Frank Veneroso, over the course of the 20th century, there were only 13 instances in which the price of a single commodity rose by 500 percent or more. For example, the price of sugar rose 641 percent in 1920, and in the same year, the price of cotton rose 538 percent. In 1947, there was a commodities boom across three commodities: pork bellies (1,053 percent), soybean oil (797 percent), and soybeans (558 percent). During theHunt brothers episode, in 1980, silver prices were driven up by 3,813 percent. Now, if we look at the current commodities boom, there are already eight commodities whose price rise had reached 500 percent or more by the end of June: heating oil (1,313 percent), nickel (1,273 percent), crude oil (1,205 percent), lead (870 percent), copper (606 percent), zinc (616 percent), tin (510 percent), and wheat (500 percent). Many other agricultural, energy, and metals commodities have also had large price hikes, albeit below that threshold (for the 25 commodities typically included in the indexes, the average price rise since 2003 has been 203 percent). There is no evidence of any other commodities price boom to match the current one in terms of scope.”
Now here’s the amazing thing about that bubble. The staff of Senator Joe Lieberman and Representative Bart Stupak wanted to know whether the bubble was just due to “supply and demand”. Relying on the expertise of Frank Veneroso and Mike Masters (two experts on the commodities market), I was able to conclude beyond any doubt that it was a speculative bubble driven by a “buy and hold” strategy adopted by managers of pension funds. Hearings were held in Congress, with guys like Mike Masters testifying as well as representatives from the airlines and other industries.
The pension funds panicked, realizing that their members would hold them responsible for exploding prices of gasoline at the pump. Pension funds withdrew one-third of their funds and oil prices fell from about $150 per barrel to $50. If you want to read the detailed analysis, go to my paper cited above—it has to do with commodities indexes, strategies pushed by your favorite blood sucking vampire squid (Goldman Sachs), and futures contracts. It gets wonky. To make a long story short, the bubble ended in fall of 2008.
But then the crisis wiped out real estate markets and the economy. Managed money needed another bubble. They whipped up irrational fears of hyperinflation that supposedly would be caused by Helicopter Ben’s QE1, QE2, and the newly announced QE3. Better run to good “inflation hedges” like gold and other commodities. That did the trick. The commodities speculative bubble resumed.
And boy, oh boy, what a boom. An April report by expert Jeremy Grantham looks at the last decade’s bubble in commodities; Frank Veneroso expands upon that in a more recent report. Here’s the elevator speech summary. Take the top 33 commodities that are globally traded—everything from gold and oil to to rubber, flaxseed, jute, plywood, and something called diammonium phosphate. Over the past 110 years, an index price of these 33 commodities has declined at an annual rate of 1.2% per year. (Sure there are variations across the commodities—this is the average. And so much for inflation hedges. Commodities prices fell—they did not keep up with inflation. If you liked negative returns, commodities were a good bet.) Although demand for these 33 commodities has increased a lot over the century, new production techniques plus successful exploration has resulted in a declining price trend.
Further—and this is a bit surprising—deviations from the trend follow a normal distribution (you learned about this in high school; it is a bell curve with nice properties; chief among these is the finding that about 68% of outcomes fall within one standard deviation; about 95% fall within two standard deviations (once a generation); and you’ve got just about a snowball’s chance in hell of finding outcomes that are three or four standard deviations from the mean).
But what is more surprising is that over the past decade, the price rises you find for these 33 commodities are just about beyond the realm of possibility—2, 3, and 4 standard deviations away from trend. It is a boom without any precedent. Quite simply, nothing even close has ever happened before, in any market, including hi tech bubbles and real estate bubbles.
By now you’ve all read about black swans with fat tails—a reference to supposedly “unexpected” and highly improbable default rates on subprime mortgages and other toxic waste assets. (Way out the normal distribution’s “tail”.) As an insider quipped, you had once in 100,000 year events happening every day. But that is misleading. These were junk assets that from the get-go had nearly 100% probabilities of default—NINJA loans and so on. The models were flawed, indeed, fraudulent. That was all a scam. Those weren’t black swans with fat tails—they were Hindenburg blimps filled with explosive hydrogen just waiting for someone to light a cigarette.
By contrast, in the case of commodities, this is real stuff (not IOUs of deadbeats with no prospects). Barrels of oil that someone really wants. Corn to turn into pig and steer fat, or fuel for Midwest automobiles. Or gold to be hoarded by the University of Texas. There really is a demand for it; and someone produces it.
Yes, commodity bubbles happen, but eventually reality sets in and brings the price back down to reality. You don’t get 3, 4, and 5 standard deviation events. A four standard deviation price rise falls outside 99.994% of all outcomes—one in 100,000 years; a five standard deviation price rise is about one in 2 million years. That pretty much covers the time since our ancestors beat things with big sticks.
But wait a minute. The standard deviation of price rises for iron (5), coal, copper, corn and silver (4), sorghum, palladium, and rubber (3.5), flaxseed, palm oil, soybeans, coconut oil, and nickel (3), and so on down through jute, cotton, uranium, tin, zinc, potosh and wool (2) are so unlikely that they quite simply could not have happened. Individually. Together, the likelihood that we’ve got an unlikely boom in almost all of the 33 commodities? All at the same time? Impossible. Cannot happen. Not in the lifetime of our sun, let alone our planet.
But it did.
Why? China. Peak oil. Supply disruptions. Some markets cornered by speculators. Market manipulation by oligopolistic suppliers.
Yes, OK, those have played some small role. But remember, we are in the worst global slowdown since the 1930s. I will not go through all the data, but demand for most commodities is actually slumping. For many there is substantial excess supply. And China wants to slow. China is still largely a socialist society. China basically does what it wants to do. China will slow.
And yet the prices rise far beyond anything that has ever happened before. Beyond anything that can happen.
Why? Financialization. Just as homes became financialized (in many ways, including serving as the collateral for “ATM” cash-out home equity loans), commodities became thoroughly financialized. (So did healthcare and death, with peasant insurance and death settlements—topics for another day.)
Here’s the reason. Believe it or not, commodities markets are tiny; except for soy, oil, and corn they are smaller than tiny. Managed money is huge—tens of trillions of dollars floating around the world looking for high returns. US pension funds alone are three-fourths of US GDP–$10 trillion give or take. If you put even a fraction of managed money into commodities index funds, you blow up the prices.
The weapon of choice is the futures contracts—essentially you buy commodities for future delivery (a couple of months from now). When they mature, you do not take delivery but instead sell the contract to someone who actually wants the commodity, and roll into another futures contract. This is what pension funds, and so on, have been doing. If prices rise, you always win on the roll (sell for more than you paid).
The typical argument is that this cannot affect prices since for every buyer (long position in the contract) there must be a seller (short position). The balance between these two keeps prices in line with “fundamentals”.
In normal times, yes, more or less. But here’s the deal. What if I supply diammonium phosphate (whatever the heck that is) and you are speculating that the price will rise. You and every other pension fund and client of Goldman Sachs. I want to lock in the expected price rise, so I am a happy seller of future commodities. If prices go down, I do not get hurt — I locked in the price rise and have the right to sell the commodity at the higher price. And so even as prices leave all fundamentals, the producers continue to sell futures contracts to lock in higher prices.
I win, you win, we all win with price appreciation.
Now, to be sure, the whole thing is going to blow up, in what Frank Veneroso calls a commodities nuclear winter. As prices rise, consumption of the commodities falls (as we are already observing) both through substitution and through conservation. At the same time, additional supplies come on line. Real world suppliers feel the imperative to slash prices to have some actual real world sales. They cannot forever live in never-never land with rising prices and collapsing sales.
There are many shoes that will drop, bringing back the Global Financial Crisis with a vengeance. Commodities crash, default by a Euro periphery nation, failure of a Euro bank, or the closure of Bank of America or Citi. All of these are likely events, less than one standard deviation from the mean; probably all of them will happen within the next year.
No matter what the triggering event is, that commodities nuclear winter will happen.
Soon.
Sooner than later.
I am not sure I understand how you measure the standard deviation of a price movement. If a commodity goes up $10 in one day, do you then compare that to the average gain / (loss) over the last x days?
2011 and people are still measuring price movements of financial instruments using standard deviations on a normal curve. Sad.
“The weapon of choice is the futures contracts—essentially you buy commodities for future delivery (a couple of months from now). When they mature, you do not take delivery but instead sell the contract to someone who actually wants the commodity, and roll into another futures contract. This is what pension funds, and so on, have been doing. If prices rise, you always win on the roll (sell for more than you paid).”
But if the real market is tiny compared to the financial, how do these speculator find buyers for their contracts on which they do not want delivery? (apologies if this is a stupid question)
and how should it be measured?
I think Wray is wrong. Sovereign debt is the largest bubble in history (and implicitly, off balance sheet sovereign obligations). This is all part-in-parcel with derivatives (again, overwhelmingly off balance sheet).
Commodities can easily be seen as a hedge of that.
Eric Janszen has hit the nail on the head with his analysis: a modern “bubble” of any significance requires state sponsorship. That is lacking in commodities, where the state is largely hostile to their price strength, for populist reasons. The problem is even more extreme in the monetary metals. On the other hand, it is obviously present in sovereign debt, and monetary derivatives, which are connected to the powerful money center banks.
Another flaw: the point is made that commodities prices averaged down for a long time, not even keeping up with inflation. But then somehow it is not noted that the current move might be a natural retracement of that anomaly.
Beyond that, I think the analysis fails with logic like “China wants to slow, so it will slow”. Perhaps, yes, but slower GROWTH. China knows any outright and sustained regression would be deadly. The country’s middle class-ization is impossible to stop or reverse.
Eventually commodities will stop rallying, but that will probably be associated with the demographic maturity of developing Asia (then the next rally will be correlated with Africa).
“I win, you win, we all win with price appreciation”
I also take Krowne’s point – where does all this “money” ultimately come from?
Of course, how many articles have I read about how bad deflation is…does that apply to commodities?
I don’t mind the price swings – I just wish that when the shadow finance industry lost a bet, they took the loss instead of me…
Some countries have actively supported commodity bubbles. The US and EU with ethanol subsidies, as well as farm subsidies in general. Australia with support for the iron miners. China buying up copper on a scale never seen before, plus restricting rare earth exports. Yes commodities are overpriced and in a bubble. Though the precious metals might have additional support as economies collapse, and as an inflation hedge. Though with the world entering a deflationary stage that could hit gold price eventually.
He is right that with the global slowdown and recessions if not depressions in the EU and US what prospect is there for continually rising prices? How far they will fall is another matter.
Commodities bubbles occur because supply and demand are both so inelastic. With respect to demand, if the price of wheat doubles, are you going to eat less? More likely, you’ll eat the same as before and cut back elsewhere. In the case of something like iron ore, the commodity price is a small part of the cost of the finished product. Doubling the cost of iron ore does not double the cost of an automobile made of steel, or a high-rise building made largely of steel. In fact, doubling the cost of iron ore doesn’t even double the cost of the finished steel itself, since iron ore is only one input to the steel making process.
With respect to supply, it takes a long time to get a new iron ore mine into operation, or to significantly raise world agricultural output, etc. In some cases, supply is totally inelastic–there is a hard limit on what is available.
Inelastic supply and demand means that even a slight increase in demand (or a slight decrease in supply, such as due to a drought in the case of agricultural commodities) will send prices soaring. We’ve all see this ourselves with fruits and vegetables. Bad weather one year and tomato prices soar. Perfect weather next year leads to a glut, and the grocers are practically giving the tomatoes away.
The issue of speculators mostly comes into play for demand which can be postponed. If final user believe the price hike driven by speculators is a permanent hike, then they will not postpone usage. In fact, they may even accelerate usage, so as to beat the future price hikes, and thus add to the bubble. Whereas if final users believe that prices might be falling, they will postpone usage to the extent possible, and this is what will crack the commodities bubble hard. Other than for a few metals, there is a shortage of storage space for commodities, so as futures contracts mature, someone has to take delivery. Once prices begin to fall hard, more final users will be tempted to postpone usage if possible. Builders, for example, will postpone building if prices of construction steel are plummeting, because the iron ore used to make that steel is plummeting in price.
In other words, if and when commodities prices start to fall, they will fall very fast.
I agree but you need to add political interference in the form of production subsidises that encouraged over production in the EU and the US, and ultimately lead to dumping surpluses on the global markets. Then you have the US subsidising corn conversion into ethanol, reducing animal feed supplies and pushing food prices higher.
Though in the last couple of years has been the lack of decent returns elsewhere and far more speculation in commodities. This pushed prices well beyond demand levels and it was food prices that lead to the Arab Spring. There have been protests around the world over food prices. To simply put it down to inelastic supply and demand is over simplifying the situation. Then there was the strange case of a commodity trader buying a large slice of world cocoa production and actually taking physical delivery of 241,000 tonnes.