China is self-evidently both a minefield and a potential graveyard for would-be global economists, the sort of place where reputations are made and lost in the twinkle of a dragon’s eye, so I think had better tread rather carefully here. However, having duly noted that only fools rush in, here I go…
China ran its first monthly trade deficit in six years in March, a development which encouraged the country’s Commerce Ministry to up the volume a bit on the argument that the need to revalue China’s currency was being greatly exaggerated. The debate surrounding renminbi revaluation has also given us another reason – beyond the recent accusations of the US SEC – to cast a watchful eye over how things are done at Goldman Sachs: the outrageous suggestion from their Chief Economist Jim O’Neill (in this Financial Times article) that if things carry on as they are, China will soon overtake France as the principal destination for German exports (see in depth analysis below).
The problem is, that with the argument having become so politicised, and with so many different interested parties at work, in the Chinese case it is fast becoming hard to see wood from the trees, or sandals and tee shirts from high speed trains.
A One-off Deficit?
Looking through the data, it would appear that while China’s March performance was undoubtedly a one-off, import growth had been outpacing export growth for some months now. With imports of commodities surging last month, China swung to a trade deficit of $7.24 billion in March from a surplus of $7.61 billion in February, according to figures issued by China’s Customs agency. Overall imports were up 66% from a year earlier in March, with purchases of crude oil and copper at near-record levels in volume terms. The import bill was further boosted by rising commodity prices.
Chinese officials had been signalling for some weeks that March could produce a rather exceptional trade deficit, a development they highlighted to show how China’s strong growth has been boosting its purchases from other countries. But beyond the March reading, China’s trade surpluses have been shrinking as the government’s stimulus plan, and extensive bank lending, have boosted purchases from abroad, and indeed the cumulative trade surplus for the first quarter of 2010 fell 77% from a year earlier to hit $14.49 billion.
According to the Chinese customs department, the March deficit mainly comes from trade with Taiwan, Japan and South Korea, while large surpluses continued with the U.S. and the European Union.
Evidently one month’s data is unlikely to convince anybody, and especially when there is so much doubt surrounding the sustainability of China’s domestic consumption growth, and March’s data is unlikely to silence the deafening roar of international criticism of China’s trade policies.
Evidently March’s exports may well have lower than normal as factories took their time reopening after the February Lunar New Year holiday. Exports were up in March, but the rate of increase fell to 24.3% from a year earlier, as compared to the 31.4% annual growth registered in the first two months of the year. Looking at the trade balance chart (above), there is normally a dip in February/March, and this year we have simply seen an exaggerated version of an annual phenomenon, and really till we see a bit more data it will be hard to separate a stimulus based surge from the trend.
China: The New Import Powerhouse?
Separating surge from trend however does seem to have turned into something of a problem for Goldman Sachs Chief Economist Jim O’Neill, since he argued recently (in a widely quoted piece) that:
“As far as China’s involvement with the rest of the world goes, the real story since the worst of the crisis is not China’s recovering exports but China’s strong imports. The forthcoming trade release – interestingly due a few days before the Treasury report – is likely to demonstrate enormous import growth again, absolutely and relative to exports. This is seen not just in Chinese data, but in those from many other important trading nations. Indeed, quite remarkably, Germany’s trade with China is showing such strong growth that by spring next year, on current trends, it might exceed that with France”.
This is quite a claim, and evidently impressed both Tyler Cowan at Marginal Revolution, and the Economist Free Exchange Blog, since they quote precisely this extract in support of their argument that the threat to global economic stability represented by China’s trade surplus is being rather overdone (which may or may not be the case), and they obviously take his China overtaking France claim as good.
As a student of German export performance, I however did not. The most important point to bear in mind is that Germany basically missed out on the first wave of China import growth (with the market being largely dominated by Japan). To give an indication, in 2008 German exports to the Czech Republic and to China were of about the same order of magnitude in 2008, a data point which is reasonably suggestive of the extent to which German export growth 2005 – 2008 was dependent on growth in Central and Eastern Europe (both inside and outside the EU). Growth in this market has, of course, now come screeching to a halt, hence the renewed German interest in China, and in general terms, non European export destinations (which is one reason why, at the end of the day, the sharp drop in the value of the Euro has been as much to Germany’s advantage as it has to that of any other Eurogroup country.
So the key point to note is that German exports to China started from a comparatively low base, and hence even a sudden sharp surge does not make that much of a dent in the rankings list. So just what are the facts. Well, according to the most recent release from the German Federal Statistical Office, German exports to China were worth 36.5 billion euros in 2009. Which means that, compared to 2008, exports to China were up around 7%, while total German exports declined 18.4% during the same period. So evidently the importance of German exports to China has been growing, but not as much as O’Neil claims. Really!
Given that German exports to China have been running at something like 40% of exports to France, I thought I would take a look at the actual data. There are two available sources for such information: the German Statistics Office, and the OECD. Here is will use the OECD data. As can be seen in the first chart, there can be no doubt that German exports to China have been growing steadily and impressively over the last 3 years, but it is equally evident that they are still well, well short of those to France, and by no stretch of the imagination could it be thought feasible that China will overtake France as an export destination in the near future.
The second chart puts things in a longer term perspective, and what stands out is the fact that while German exports to China have followed a steady path, while those to France slumped significantly in 2008 as a result of the global economic crisis. So what this means is that exports to France are unusually low (and thus it is impossible to talk of trend), while those to China are unusually (and possibly unsustainably) high, given the impact of the stimulus programme. So to extract his “trend” (which is in no case valid) Goldman Sachs Chief Economist seems to the assuming a worst case scenario for France and a best case one for China: hardly a balanced methodology. Or does Jim O’Neil really want to tell us he is discounting the possibility of a sustained recovery in demand in the OECD economies? Even without the benefits of our own “proprietary indicators” simple testimony of the naked eye should tell us he is wrong here.
Which is a pity, since stripped of its exaggerated claims, his substantive argument may not have been entirely false. In fact we should also not forget that Germany also imports Chinese products (55.4 billion euros worth in 2009, as compared to the 36.5 billion euros worth of exports), and in fact ran a trade deficit of 18.9 billion euros last year (or roughly 50% of the total value of exports) while Germany ran a trade surplus of some 27 billion euros with France.
Whatever You Yuan
In fact the impact of a revaluation in the renminbi may be much more complex than many seem to be assuming, and one good example of the kind of perverse consequences we may see is offered us in a really interesting research note from Alexandre Schwartsman (Bank Santander, Brazil) entitled “What Do You Yuan?”
There is an ongoing debate about how China should handle its currency in face of both political pressures and signs that inflation may be accelerating. Such challenges raise the possibility of the resumption of yuan appreciation trend that prevailed between 2005 and 2008. Of course, we claim no special knowledge on whether or when Chinese authorities will decide on the issue, but in our opinion, eventual decisions on that could have considerable implications for Brazil.
We do not think, however, that the direct effects through the trade channel are the most important part of the story. While it is true that China has become the largest market for Brazilian exports, we rush to note that it still represents only 13% of Brazilian exports (which, in turn, are equivalent to about 12% of Brazilian GDP). Moreover, even its current status as the main customer for Brazilian exports is threatened at the margin by the recovery of exports to the U.S. and Argentina.
Indeed, we believe the main channel of transmission to Brazil is likely to be through commodity prices. We argue, with the help of a small theoretical model, that a stronger yuan should imply higher commodity prices in dollar terms. In fact, it is possible to show that, if dollar commodity prices do not change in response to a stronger yuan, there would be excess demand for commodities, which would eventually drive their dollar prices up.
The economic intuition which lies behind Schwartsman’s argument is really very simple, but the logic is also quite compelling. Basically, it depends on two points:
i) China domestic demand growth is more energy intensive than the OECD average
ii) China is large enough to be (to some extent) a price setter, and not simply a price taker.
Put another way, the income elasticity of energy consumption in China is greater than it is in the developed part of the Rest Of the World. This also applies to the energy component of agricultural produce, with important positive consequences for countries like Brazil. That is to say, China consumes energy directly, and indirectly, via the energy input which goes into the food production (fertilizers for soya beans in Brazil, for example) that it outsources. So there is a direct, and an indirect impact.
The net consequence of this, is that the Santander analyst expects the dollar price of commodities like oil to rise sharply on the back of any significant yuan revaluation, making China richer (in relative terms), and logically the developed world poorer. Again, and put in other words, the terms of trade are about to change against Europe, the US and Japan, and possibly big-time, as the Yuan and other emerging market currencies rise. On the other hand, Brazil and other resource rich emerging economies stand to benefit, equally big-time, in what will be one of the largest rebalancings of the global economy seen in many a long year. The main losers, it seems to me, will be the long-term structurally unemployed we now have in the developed world, and those living in poor countries with few natural resources.
Where Do We Go From Here?
This is very hard to tell. Evidently, on the one hand, evidence continues to mount that more flexibility in yuan parities in in the pipeline. On the other hand Chinese officials, far from showing signs of alarm at March’s deficit, generally seem to have welcomed the development. According to Zheng Yuesheng, director of Statistics at China’s customs office, “This kind of deficit is healthy as it happened while both imports and exports experienced rapid growth,” and in any event, as he also points out, China will undoubtedly continue to run (smaller) trade surpluses over the long term. This, at least, has the benefit of being a realistic, and pragmatic assessment of the situation. All we need now is for a bit of this realism and pragmatism to work its way steadily westwards.
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Edward Hugh also blogs at A Fistful of Euros.